The Goliad Massacre of the Texas Revolution

In the wake of the Texan defeat at the Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836, General Sam Houston ordered Colonel James Fannin to abandon his post at Goliad and march his command to Victoria. Moving slowly, Fannin did not depart until March 19. This delay allowed the lead elements of General Josà © de Urreas command to arrive in the area. A mixed force of cavalry and infantry, this unit numbered around 340 men. Moving to attack, it engaged Fannins 300-man column on an open prairie near Coleto Creek and prevented the Texans from reaching the safety of a nearby timber grove. Forming a square with artillery at the corners, Fannins men repulsed three Mexican assaults on March 19. During the night, Urreas force swelled to around 1,000 men and his artillery arrived on the field. Though the Texans worked to fortify their position during the night, Fannin and his officers doubted their ability to sustain another day of fighting. The next morning, after Mexican artillery opened fire on their position, the Texans approached Urrea regarding negotiating a surrender. In meeting with the Mexican leader, Fannin asked that his men be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and paroled to the United States. Unable to grant these terms due to directives from the Mexican Congress and General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and unwilling to mount a costly assault against Fannins position, he instead asked that the Texans become prisoners of war at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government. To support this request, Urrea stated that he was unaware of any instance where a prisoner of war who had trusted the Mexican government had lost their life. He also offered to contact Santa Anna for permission to accept the terms requested by Fannin. Confident that he would receive approval, Urrea told Fannin that he expected to receive a response within eight days. With his command surrounded, Fannin agreed to Urreas offer. Surrendering, the Texans were marched back to Goliad and housed at Presidio La Bahà ­a. Over the next few days, Fannins men were joined by other Texan prisoners that had been captured after the Battle of Refugio. In accord with his agreement with Fannin, Urrea wrote to Santa Anna and informed him of the surrender and recommended clemency for the prisoners. He failed to mention the terms sought by Fannin. Mexican POW Policy In late 1835, as he prepared to move north to subdue the rebelling Texans, Santa Anna grew concerned about the possibility of their receiving support from sources within the United States. In an effort to deter American citizens from taking up arms in Texas, he asked the Mexican Congress to take action. Responding, it passed a resolution on December 30 which stated, Foreigners landing on the coast of the Republic or invading its territory by land, armed, and with the intent of attacking our country, will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag. As the punishment for piracy was immediate execution, this resolution effectively directed the Mexican Army to take no prisoners. Complying with this directive, Santa Annas main army took no prisoners as it moved north to San Antonio. Marching north from Matamoros, Urrea, who lacked his superiors thirst for blood, preferred to take a more lenient approach with his prisoners. After capturing Texans at San Patricio and Agua Dulce in February and early March, he sidestepped execution orders from Santa Anna and sent them back to Matamoros. On March 15, Urrea again compromised when he ordered Captain Amos King and fourteen of his men to be shot after the Battle of Refugio, but allowed colonists and native Mexicans to go free. Marching to Their Death On March 23, Santa Anna replied to Urreas letter regarding Fannin and the other captured Texans. In this communication, he directly ordered Urrea to execute the prisoners which he dubbed perfidious foreigners. This order was repeated in a letter on March 24. Concerned about Urreas willingness to comply, Santa Anna also dispatched a note to Colonel Josà © Nicolà ¡s de la Portilla, commanding at Goliad, ordering him to shoot the prisoners. Received on March 26, it was followed two hours later by a conflicting letter from Urrea telling him to treat the prisoners with consideration and to use them to rebuild the town. Though a noble gesture by Urrea, the general was aware that Portilla lacked sufficient men to guard the Texans during such an endeavor. Weighing both orders during the night, Portilla concluded that he was required to act on Santa Annas directive. As a result, he ordered that the prisoners be formed into three groups the following morning. Escorted by Mexican troops led by Captain Pedro Balderas, Captain Antonio Ramà ­rez, and Agustà ­n Alcà ©rrica, the Texans, still believing they were to be paroled, were marched to locations on the Bexar, Victoria, and San Patricio Roads. At each location, the prisoners were halted and then shot by their escorts. The overwhelming majority were killed instantly, while many of the survivors were chased down and executed. Those Texans who were too wounded to march out with their comrades were executed at the Presidio under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta. The last to be killed was Fannin who was shot in the Presidio courtyard. Aftermath Of the prisoners at Goliad, 342 were killed while 28 successfully escaped the firing squads. An additional 20 were saved for use as doctors, interpreters, and orderlies through the intercession of Francita Alvarez (The Angel of Goliad). Following the executions, the bodies of the prisoners were burned and left to the elements. In June 1836, the remains were buried with military honors by forces led by General Thomas J. Rusk which advanced through the area after the Texan victory at San Jacinto. Though the executions at Goliad were carried out in accordance with Mexican law, the massacre had a dramatic influence abroad. Whereas Santa Anna and the Mexicans had previously been seen as cunning and dangerous, the Goliad Massacre and the Fall of the Alamo led them to be branded as cruel and inhuman. As a result, support for the Texans was greatly bolstered in the United States as well as overseas in Britain and France. Driving north and east, Santa Anna was defeated and captured at San Jacinto in April 1836 paving the way for Texas independence. Though peace existed for nearly a decade, conflict came to the region again in 1846 following the annexation of Texas by the United States. In May of that year, the Mexican-American War began and saw Brigadier General Zachary Taylor win quick victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Selected Sources Texas State Historical Association: Goliad MassacreFannins Fight the Massacre at La BahiaTexas State Library Archives Commission: Goliad Massacre

The Art Of The Folk - 1699 Words

The Art of the Folk: Jazz, Blues, Folktales, Dance: The Harlem Renaissance During the nineteenth- mid-twentieth century, folk became very popular and widely known within the nation. Folk is considered the ordinary citizens of a public or district considered as the agents of a conventional lifestyle and particularly as the originators or bearers of the traditions, convictions, and expressions that make up an unmistakable culture. When people started to realize, their potential and become open to the public about their abilities, the art of the folk begun to suddenly become more diverse. It became diverse in jazz, blues, folktales, and dance; some of the major aspects that caused todays music to be what it is in the twenty first century.†¦show more content†¦Jazz has no impediments, no course of music. Jazz is extemporization, and an approach to express happiness and passion. Jazz became very popular around the world. New Orleans was the one place where the stunning and uncov ering jazz style advanced. Jazz became so advanced that other artists noticed that each instrument that was played had a different sound that could attract to the soul. The instruments were, cornet, clarinet, trombone, tuba or bass, piano, banjo, and drums (wordpress.com). These instruments turned into a splendid arrangement underscoring free additionally pleasingly synchronized music lines. Jazz was very influential in the music industry. Charlie Parker one of the greatest musicians of all times once said, â€Å"Master your instrument, master the music, then forget all that and just play.† (Parker 2.) During the Harlem Renaissance jazz became an outlet on how African Americans expressed their feelings without words. It became the reason as to why we have blues, and other famous types of artistic expression. Blues, on the other hand is considered the sibling of Jazz and of the Harlem Renaissance era. Blues is a vital sort of music. Most music that you hear today has some type of recreation of the blues. The blues created a way for the music that we have today. Without blues there would not be any hip hop, rap, pop, R and B or gospel. Blues is likewise critical for African American culture. African Americans were additionally the general population who beganShow MoreRelatedWhen visiting the McKissick Museum I was engrossed by the American Folk Art, ceramic Face Jugs,600 Words   |  3 PagesWhen visiting the McKissick Museum I was engrossed by the American Folk Art, ceramic Face Jugs, also known as ugly or grotesque jugs. There are gaps in the history in regards to how the face jugs were made, what they were used for, and the meaning of the face vessel pottery. However it is believed that these vessels were original, useful, creative expressions of the African slave culture of the time created as early as the seventeenth century. 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Future of Stakeholder Management Theory †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Future of Stakeholder Management Theory. Answer: Introduction Effective stakeholder relationship management fosters positive relationship with the stakeholders through appropriately managing their agreed objectives and expectations (Schnackenberg and Tomlinson 2016). The corporate reputation of Volkswagen has damaged due to its car emission scandal in USA (BBC News 2015). The organization needs to regain and rebuild its relationship with the stakeholders for recapturing the market. The study will develop strategies for managing relationship with diverse stakeholder groups for addressing the scandal issue. The study will integrate the organizational objectives with stakeholder plan. Furthermore, the study will also outline the way for engaging and building mutually beneficial relationship with the stakeholders for scandal issue. Apart from that, the study will identify and respond to the problems and opportunities regarding the issues through environmental scanning and monitoring. A key message and massage matrix would also be framed for Volkswa gen in this study for overcoming the emission scandal issue. Lastly, the study will select appropriate channels for engaging in long term relationship with relevant stakeholders. Maintaining media relation is highly important for managing the public relation of an organization with the public as well as other stakeholders. According to Agudo?Valiente, Garcs?Ayerbe and Salvador?Figueras (2015), proper media relation spread positive image of an organization in the market. Therefore, Volkswagen should proactively and transparently communicate with the media rather than hiding their scandals. Moreover, the organization should hire a spokespersonfor answering detailed inquiries of the media. Furthermore, the organization should quickly apologize to the media for their unethical carbon emission of the cars. On the other hand, Verbeke and Tung (2013) opined that showing concern for the public is the best way of managing relationship with the public and maintain corporate image. Therefore, Volkswagen should demonstrate core concern for the public and customers and promise to come up with better car model. It will manage effective media relationship of the organizatio n after their scandal. Strategies to Manage Relationship with Employees Managing employee relation is the most important stakeholder relationship management activity for an organization, as they are the only responsible for building organizational success through using their talent. Bridoux and Stoelhorst (2014) pointed out that proper employee relationship management assists an organization towards getting high level of employee dedication for achieving organizational success. Volkswagen should immediate understand the understanding of the employees regarding the emission scandal. In this way, the management of the organization should compensate the employees for their harassment faced in the investigation. On the other hand, Steyn and Niemann (2014) opined that the employees should be provided with adequate value for managing positive relationship with them. Moreover, the Volkswagen should allow the employees in organization decision making process for further actions to be taken in mitigating the impact of emission scandal. It will be keep the employe es engaged in the organization having positive relationship with the management. Community relationship is extremely significant for an organization in building corporate image in the society. Tantalo and Priem (2016) pointed out that organizations need to understand the perspective and expectation of community members from them for properly managing relationship with community. Moreover, Volkswagen should maintain transparency with the community people in regards to their business activities after their scandal has occured. It can also be important for the organization to provide donations for community development. It will mitigate the issues of community, which will help in building effective community relationship. On the other hand, Olkkonen and Luoma-aho (2014) opined that strong social message and event sponsorship is extremely important for building strong relationship with community people. Likewise, Volkswagen should also spread strong social message for overcoming the scandal and organization charity event for meeting the core needs of the community. I t will manage community relationship of Volkswagen even after their emission scandal. Henisz, Dorobantu and Nartey (2014) stated that organizations should continuously perform customer survey for assessing the needs and issues of the customers. It helps the organizations towards immediately resolving the customer issues before it becomes customer dissatisfaction. In this way, Volkswagen should use customer relationship management software for maintain relationship with the customers. Such software will help the organization in understanding the perspective, hassles and embarrassment of the customers, which they faced in emission scandal of the cars. Therefore, such software would help Volkswagen in accordingly plan and compensate the customers for their harassment for marinating effective customer relationship. On the other hand, Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins (2014) allowing customers in organizational decision making process also enhance customers worth, which facilitates in building effective customer relationship. Volkswagen should use social media for interacting wit h the customers and asking for any suggestions towards improving business and resolving the emission scandal. It will help the organization is maintaining effective relationship with the customers. Strategies to Manage Relationship with Investors ORiordan and Fairbrass (2014) pointed out that organizations can effectively manage their relationship with their investors through communicating transparently with them. Volkswagen should first apologize to the investors for their emission scandal and huge business loss. Apart from that, the organization should also maintain transparency in the communication with the investors regarding their future business plan. On the other hand, Ayuso et al. (2014) pointed out that investor relationship can also be maintained through proper assurance of profit potentiality to the investors. Likewise, Volkswagen requires perfect financial projection showing profit potentiality to the investors, which would regain the investors confidence and maintain effective relationship with them. According to Borgers et al. (2013), organization can maintain effective relationship with Government through timely payment of taxes and adhering to all legal contracts. In case of Volkswagen, the organization should first apologize to the government for their emission scandal. Furthermore, the organization should submit all quarterly reports, stories, trial metrics and future plan on regular basis to the government for regaining the trust of Government and maintain effective relationship with them. The objective Volkswagen is to regain and rebuild its corporate image in the market after its emission scandal. Strategies for media and community management would help the organization in achieving this business objective (Zerfass and Schramm 2014). Moreover, proper explanation and promise for business improvement in to the media and community would spread strong social message of the organization. It would help in rebuilding and regaining the corporate image in the market. Apart from that, the objective of the organization is also to regain the customer trust for enhancing sales of cars and market capitalization. In such situation, proper employee relation will help in dedication level of the employees and manufacture cars with new models for regaining the trust level of the employees. The business objective of the organization is also to enhance the stock price of the organization immediately. Therefore, maintenance of investor relationship will facilitate Volkswagen in enhancing the stock price through regaining the trust of the investors. The organization is highly inclined towards enhancing its market capitalization through increased car sales (Doh and Quigley 2014). In such extent, the proper customer relationship management will regain the trust of the customers and encourage them towards purchasing their cars. It will ultimately enhance the sales volume and market capitalization of the organization. The business objective of Volkswagen includes mitigation of legal complications for regaining competition position in the market. In such situation, maintaining government relationship will help the organization in overcoming all the legal complications through meeting all the government contracts. Engagement and Mutually Beneficial Relationship with Stakeholders As per Pitsis et al. (2014), Volkswagen can best overcome the issues of their car emission scandal through engaging and building mutually beneficial relationship with the stakeholder groups. While considering the mutually beneficial relationship with the media groups, it can be said that the organization should engage an authoritative spokesperson for answering all the questions of the Medias. In this way, the media channels will get the scope of publishing new interesting news in their channels and the organization will get the scope of clarifying their perspective on their scandal for resolving the issues. On the other hand, the organization can allow the employees in organizational decision making process for getting ideas of resolving emission scandals. It will enhance the value of the employees in the organization and new and effective ideas for resolving emission scandals. Fair return on investment to the investors will be beneficial for the investors on their investment (Ortiz ?de?Mandojana and Bansal 2016). It will also help the organization in gaining huge investment from the investors towards enhancing financial sustainability. In case of community, the organization can provide donations for community development for making mutually benefit with the community people. Such donations will on the one hand, will develop the community, whereas, on the other hand, will rebuild corporate image of the organization in the society. The organization can compensate the harassment and hassles of the customers for their cars having high emission system. Moreover, the organization can offer attractive discounts and offers to the customers for their further car models. It can reduce the cost of car purchase of the customers and also help organizations in enhancing their car sales volume. Identification and Respond to Problems and Opportunities Volkswagen can effectively identify the issues and opportunities related to the scandals through PEST and SWOT environment scanning. In this way, the organization can also better resolve the issues through utilizing their opportunities towards mitigating issues. PEST Environment Scanning Problems and Opportunities Response to Problems and Opportunities POLITICAL FACTOR Lose of political support for emission scandals Many trade restrictions has also imposed on Volkswagen Strict environmental law of USA has mostly created such emission scandals of the organization Political stability of USA can be favorable for quickly resolving the issues Volkswagen should immediately apologize to the government for gaining the sympathy of Government The organization should meet all the imposed government contracts for gaining government trust With the opportunity of government stability, the organization can immediately resolve their scandal issues through meeting all the fines imposed on them ECONOMIC FACTOR Developed economic condition of USA can lead to quick return on investment for resolving the issues The scandal issues has led to huge economic loss of the customers The organization should immediately compensate the damages of the stakeholders for re-establishing corporate image in economically developed market SOCIAL FACTOR Growing inclination of people towards environment friendly cars can be issues for Volkswagen towards resolving issues Enhanced disposable income of the people can be opportunity for the organization The organization should immediately re-launch environment friendly cars, which have high potentiality of sales to the economically sound customers. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR Technological advancement of USA can be an opportunity for resolving emission scandals immediately With advancement technological advancement, the organization can immediately manufacturing environment friendly cars for resolving emission scandals Advanced digitalization can help Volkswagen in better interacting with stakeholders for resolving the issues Table 1: Identification and Response to Problems and Opportunities through PEST (Source: Hahn 2015) SWOT Environment Scanning Problems and Opportunities Response to Problems and Opportunities Strength Strong brand presence or loyalty Wide ranges of cars Presence in hybrid cars Excellent advertising and marketing Strong brand loyalty and wide range of cars can help Volkswagen in quickly regaining customer trust even after emission scandal The presence of hybrid cars can immediately resolve emission scandal Excellent advertising can help the organization in properly interacting with stakeholders for resolving emission scandal issue Weakness Fraud and controversy of emission scandal has damaged global brand image Effective media relation and customer relationship can help in quickly regaining the brand image Opportunities Regaining customer trust and maintaining long term relationship with stakeholders Continuous improvement on cars technology Long term stakeholder relationship and continuous improvement of car technology will ultimately mitigate scandal issue Threats Changing government rules and policies Increasing cost of renewable energy Alignment with changing government rule and regulations Optimum usage of renewable energy in hybrid cars with improved technology Table 2: Identification and Response to Problems and Opportunities through PEST (Source: Helmig, Spraul and Ingenhoff 2016) Key Message and Message Matrix Stakeholder Media, customers, investors, employees and Government Main Concern To have environment friendly rides with luxurious comfort Message 1 The cars of Volkswagen will have less car emission while driving The cars will be manufactured with improved emission free car technology Message 2 Purchasing Volkswagen cars will be a great step towards environmental concern The cars will emit 25% less carbon than previous cars and have premium looks and comfort Message 3 Purchase Volkswagen cars and make emission free rides Less emission will protect environment from carbon footprint Table 3: Message Matrix (Source: Created by Author) Channels to Engage in long-Term Relationship with Stakeholders According to Colleoni (2013), social media is an effective business communication channel, which helps in communicating communication message through online community. It is the quickest form of communication channels for communicating message to wide stakeholder groups. Therefore, Volkswagen should use social media channels for communicating their key message to the stakeholder groups. The organization can effectively get feedback of their communication message from their stakeholders in such social media channels. In this way, social media channels can be effectively used as communication channel for Volkswagen towards building long term relationship. Doh and Quigley (2014) pointed out that mass media is the best communication channel towards communicating with mass stakeholder groups. Moreover, organizations can best reach out to mass stakeholder groups in an effective way. Therefore, Volkswagen can reach out to mass stakeholder groups within shortest period. In this way, the organization can reach vast majority of general public and other stakeholders towards making long term relationship with them. Newspaper and magazines are the most common way of reaching out to important stakeholders and making long term relationship with them. Therefore, Volkswagen should use newspaper and magazines for communicating their key message after their scandal. The appealing manner of the communication content in the newspaper and magazines would make positive and long term relationship with the stakeholders. Corporate sponsorship is an effective communication tool towards to fostering positive public relation. Sponsoring any event in the community regarding any social issue can build the corporate image among the stakeholders (ORiordan and Fairbrass 2014). Therefore, Volkswagen can effectively use corporate sponsorship for communication with the community people and other stakeholders. In this way, enhanced interaction with the community people and other stakeholders through corporate sponsorship build long term relationship with the stakeholders. Conclusion While concluding the study, the car emission scandal of Volkswagen is forcing it towards developing effective strategies in rebuilding and regaining the trust of the stakeholders. The organization should apologize and answer sincerely to media for their scandal. The organization can also manage its employees and customers through compensating for their harassments and hassles of the cars having high carbon emission. Offering discounts to the customers would regain the loyalty level of the customers by providing extra benefits. Furthermore, the organization can offer donations for community development, which can build mutually beneficial relationship with the community development for community and enhanced corporate image for the organization. Volkswagen should come up with the key message like it will renovate its cars with luxurious comfort and less carbon emission. It should communicate and manage long term relationship with the stakeholders. 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